Cell Differentiation
After fertilization and as the cell divides, the resulting DNA folds onto histones as chromatins, coils of chromosomes on proteins, and can do so in many different ways that determine the characteristic of a cell type that makes it different from another, though genetically identical, and this is dependent on the niche(environmental conditions).
Genes for Histone acetylase(remodeler), DNA methylases and ribonucleases, which determine the fate of the cell will all be expressed in the totipotent or pluri-potent stem cell to bring about the possible arrangements. But what pushes(drives) the cell to specialize will be the master genes, genes that code for the transcription factors that regulate other genes being expressed in each cell. Transcription factors are usually synthesized, then expressed on the cell surface as receptors or antennae. They respond to environmental cues such as steroid hormones, cytokines and other growth factors, light, heat and contact, hence the importance of the niche. They determine cellular differentiation into the multipotent progenitor stem cell, which gives rise to different (cell)tissue types.
Bone morphogenic proteins cause bone tissue differentiation and fibroblast growth factors and endothelial growth factors cause blood vessel differentiation. Growth factors, typically steroid hormones and cytokines act as signaling molecules between cells. The parenchymal cell can switch to the mesenchymal type through the transforming growth factor. These factors bind on specific receptors on cell surface(transcription factors) to bring about regulation of cellular processes (through genes). Growth factor proteins are members of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins.
Once a signal is primed on the cell, by the degree and frequency of stimulation, a series of quasi-permanent changes of the DNA folding on the histones will have taken place to determine the master genes, producing specific receptors, that will become operational in the particular cell and this will in turn determine the cell type(differentiation).
Once a cell acquires a given trait, this trait can be switched off in the neighboring cell through the Notch ligand interacting with the Notch of the other cell, setting up notch signaling. Notch is inhibited by Numb to promote differentiation. In this way groups of cells influence each other to make larger structures, with required tissues. During embryonic development, apoptosis occurs by a Notch. How many cells are produced, hence how many times they divide, and cell migration, through increased metaloproteinase or decreased adhesin production, will determine the structure of the organs and the overall morphology of the organism.
All these are influenced by Notch(downregulator) and are predetermined by growth factors(upregulators)expressed in the niche.
Dr. Oliver Verbe Birnso, M.D.
Genes for Histone acetylase(remodeler), DNA methylases and ribonucleases, which determine the fate of the cell will all be expressed in the totipotent or pluri-potent stem cell to bring about the possible arrangements. But what pushes(drives) the cell to specialize will be the master genes, genes that code for the transcription factors that regulate other genes being expressed in each cell. Transcription factors are usually synthesized, then expressed on the cell surface as receptors or antennae. They respond to environmental cues such as steroid hormones, cytokines and other growth factors, light, heat and contact, hence the importance of the niche. They determine cellular differentiation into the multipotent progenitor stem cell, which gives rise to different (cell)tissue types.
Bone morphogenic proteins cause bone tissue differentiation and fibroblast growth factors and endothelial growth factors cause blood vessel differentiation. Growth factors, typically steroid hormones and cytokines act as signaling molecules between cells. The parenchymal cell can switch to the mesenchymal type through the transforming growth factor. These factors bind on specific receptors on cell surface(transcription factors) to bring about regulation of cellular processes (through genes). Growth factor proteins are members of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins.
Once a signal is primed on the cell, by the degree and frequency of stimulation, a series of quasi-permanent changes of the DNA folding on the histones will have taken place to determine the master genes, producing specific receptors, that will become operational in the particular cell and this will in turn determine the cell type(differentiation).
Once a cell acquires a given trait, this trait can be switched off in the neighboring cell through the Notch ligand interacting with the Notch of the other cell, setting up notch signaling. Notch is inhibited by Numb to promote differentiation. In this way groups of cells influence each other to make larger structures, with required tissues. During embryonic development, apoptosis occurs by a Notch. How many cells are produced, hence how many times they divide, and cell migration, through increased metaloproteinase or decreased adhesin production, will determine the structure of the organs and the overall morphology of the organism.
All these are influenced by Notch(downregulator) and are predetermined by growth factors(upregulators)expressed in the niche.
Dr. Oliver Verbe Birnso, M.D.
In order to form different issues and organs of the body, cell differentiation plays a very important role of that. However, differentiation is not stable. It will turn to the primary state at any time. Crispr knockin cell line is the same.
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