The Role of Autophagy in Health
Autophagy has the house-keeping role in the body. It consists of sequestration which packages the debris and then encloses the load in a vacuole called the phagosome, a double-membrane enclosure that eventually merges with the digestive, treatment unit called the lysosome to form the phagolysosome. Sometimes the system fails to function properly and debris accumulates in the cell, usually with stress and aging.
Cells that do not regenerate readily undergo extensive autophagy to rejuvenate. These include the nerve cell, the skeletal muscle cell and tissue macrophages. Autophagy is initially a survival mechanism which enables the cell to survive in times of nutritional/metabolic stress, through the breakdown of less needed organelles and the harvest of food from garbage, including microbes, just like plants do.
When the system is overwhelmed, garbage accumulates in cells, which no longer function effectively to process further garbage, program themselves to die naturally, kill microbes efficiently or cause the organism to perceive stimulus or interact with its environment as it ought to. Cancer and other degenerative diseases arise.
Autophagy, in excess, will lead to programmed cell death . Cortisol, zinc, oxygen free radicals, vitamin D, curcurin and metabolic stimulants of AMP kinase and cAMP including exercise promote autophagy but also apoptosis except for zinc which is both the mobilizer of lysosomes and and a promoter of protein synthesis. Anaerobic conditions also promote autophagy as they promote waste of nutritional resources and thus necessitate autophagic supplementation.
In chronic infections, phagocytes are overburdened with garbage and will not phagocytose anymore. Even if macrophages engulf microbes, these remain intracellular and postpone remedial apoptosis. They continue to secrete cytokines and this leads to type II immune response with growth factors that promote cancer, especially as repair of genetic mutations is hampered by cell metabolic failures.
Lack of adequate phagocytosis, continuous repair attempt and growth will favor fat accumulation and provide cholesterol that forms lipid rafts that promote microbes penetration into cells.
Lack of adequate autophagy is manifested by inadequate nutrients for repair and appropriate programmed cell death and leads to obvious signs of aging. Misfolded proteins, very difficult to break down, brought about by stress ,easily overwhelm the cell. Inflammation but not immunity is the hallmark of a poor autophagic state.
Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso M.D.
Cells that do not regenerate readily undergo extensive autophagy to rejuvenate. These include the nerve cell, the skeletal muscle cell and tissue macrophages. Autophagy is initially a survival mechanism which enables the cell to survive in times of nutritional/metabolic stress, through the breakdown of less needed organelles and the harvest of food from garbage, including microbes, just like plants do.
When the system is overwhelmed, garbage accumulates in cells, which no longer function effectively to process further garbage, program themselves to die naturally, kill microbes efficiently or cause the organism to perceive stimulus or interact with its environment as it ought to. Cancer and other degenerative diseases arise.
Autophagy, in excess, will lead to programmed cell death . Cortisol, zinc, oxygen free radicals, vitamin D, curcurin and metabolic stimulants of AMP kinase and cAMP including exercise promote autophagy but also apoptosis except for zinc which is both the mobilizer of lysosomes and and a promoter of protein synthesis. Anaerobic conditions also promote autophagy as they promote waste of nutritional resources and thus necessitate autophagic supplementation.
In chronic infections, phagocytes are overburdened with garbage and will not phagocytose anymore. Even if macrophages engulf microbes, these remain intracellular and postpone remedial apoptosis. They continue to secrete cytokines and this leads to type II immune response with growth factors that promote cancer, especially as repair of genetic mutations is hampered by cell metabolic failures.
Lack of adequate phagocytosis, continuous repair attempt and growth will favor fat accumulation and provide cholesterol that forms lipid rafts that promote microbes penetration into cells.
Lack of adequate autophagy is manifested by inadequate nutrients for repair and appropriate programmed cell death and leads to obvious signs of aging. Misfolded proteins, very difficult to break down, brought about by stress ,easily overwhelm the cell. Inflammation but not immunity is the hallmark of a poor autophagic state.
Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso M.D.
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