Some Benefits of Exercise at the Cellular Level.

An irrefutable body of research continues to cumulate, showing that physical exercise is good for health. Its obvious and desirable effects are on lean body weight and muscle tone which are good for esthetics, wellness and fitness. Especially astounding are the health benefits it gives.

Exercise promotes autophagy, which in normal 'doses', is followed by rejuvenation of tissue through growth factors and, from prompting protective antioxidant mechanisms, sensed by increased NAD/DADH ratio, which governs the epigenetics of histone deacetylation.

A higher or prolonged 'dose' of exercise will lead to more drastic autophagy and increased pRb-dependent mitochondrial metabolism that produces oxygen free radicals which in turn favor cell death--and so it is anticancer, and pRb is an anti-oncogene, being a tumor suppressor, in this capacity. It, however, turns out that pRb may become oncogenic when in the presence of a proto-oncogene such as growth factors, since apoptosis will be aborted in the special case.

Cells, normally, differentiate in a higher oxidative milieu, and cancer cells stop dividing and die with increased mitochondrial metabolism. Epigenetically, this is determined by histone acetylation mirrored by a much higher NAD/NADH ratio with less antioxidant compensation--seen as the mitochondria function increases and is then compromised--leading to apoptosis. Although, normally, cancer cells will fare much better with low mitochondrial activity, they cannot survive without the mitochondrion, since this cellular powerhouse is home to genes essential to life.

Independent autophagy and apoptosis involve different isoforms of the p53 transcription factor which is a genetic damage-sensor bound to and working in concert with the master control genes to determine the fate of the cell, following damage. Autophagy prevents inflammation. At the genetic level, inflammation shares a co-activator with steroid hormones which are produced during exercise to counter stress. In low grade inflammation, this co-factor is hijacked by these hormones for autophagy(including of the inflammasome and through stabilization of lipid membranes), growth and cell death; this depending on the intensity of the exercise.

Dr. Oliver Verbe Birnso, MD.

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