How Much of Stress Do We Need?
The G1 phase of the cell cycle determines if a cell is to differentiate or not. During this phase, the cell develops protuberances(cilia) which sense the environment, effect movement and in turn stimulate autophagy(nerve and muscle cells are much elongated from these protuberances). Levels of Nrf2, which lower levels of free radicals, fall in this pro-differentiation state. The longer the G1 the more likely the switch to differentiation from cell cycling. When there is transient fall in energy resources or growth factors, there will be less proliferation and more pro-differentiation, and when those resources later become available, more pronounced differentiation will take place.
Transient spike in psychological, physical or nutritional stress will cause the engagement of the 5-phosphate pentose pathway that yields the anti-oxidant NADPH, and as well produces intermediates for protein synthesis. This promotes cellular proliferation and shortens G1. Glycolysis is reserved for acetate(acetyl CoA) production in this heightened stress, anti-oxidant, state; which acetyl CoA will be responsible for lipid synthesis and cell membrane production. The Krebs cycle will utilize acetyl CoA from lipid breakdown(generated by adrenaline) and will be responsible for ATP production and amino acid synthesis.
However, prolonged, moderate stress, without much of muscle activity(to generate glucose from the muscle) which is involved in physical damage, enormous energy demands and generation, that engages the 5-phosphate pathway, fat breakdown and autophagy, will not promote proliferation. This is because autophagy, via free radicals and low levels of nutrients, has been engaged. Pro-oxidation favors autophagy and repairs due to damage and low nutrient availability(limited resources--not enough for proliferation). The repair will favor differentiation growth, instead. Calorie restriction has a similar effect. Proliferation is checked.
Prolonged mental stress, unlike moderate physical stress, is less rejuvenating to damaged tissue due to too much cumulative free radical generation and subsequent low generation of energy resources from fat tissue(tissues are clogged and denatured enzymes favor fat laydown). This will disfavor autophagy and repairs and differentiation growth. Cellular proliferation will occur when mental stress is accompanied by increased food intake or the presence of growth factors, in which case abnormal growth--not from need and in the wrong places--is promoted. Too much food intake(another form of nutritional stress) and sedentary lifestyle(low free radical generation) are catastrophic for health. They prevent repair, force cellular proliferation and promote cancer.
The best way to get rid of mental stress is therefore through physical stress in exercise. In competitive sports, the mind may be overwhelmed with distress so much so that physical exercise may not be so salvaging, since the endoplasmic reticulum will have been overwhelmed and cells clogged.
Stress and free radicals therefore regulate growth by encouraging autophagy and cell differentiation, up to a point. Excessive amount of the free radicals will clog the cell, as the endoplasmic reticulum is stressed and protein misfolding sets in.
An overactive immune system will lead to clogged immune cells and inflammation, which can be salvaged by pro-oxidants and modest exercise that stimulate autophagy. Women have a stronger immune system because of the incomplete inactivation of the X-chromosome. They also will have the tendency to have clogged leucocytes with chronic immune activation.
Dr. Oliver Verbe Birnso, MD.
Transient spike in psychological, physical or nutritional stress will cause the engagement of the 5-phosphate pentose pathway that yields the anti-oxidant NADPH, and as well produces intermediates for protein synthesis. This promotes cellular proliferation and shortens G1. Glycolysis is reserved for acetate(acetyl CoA) production in this heightened stress, anti-oxidant, state; which acetyl CoA will be responsible for lipid synthesis and cell membrane production. The Krebs cycle will utilize acetyl CoA from lipid breakdown(generated by adrenaline) and will be responsible for ATP production and amino acid synthesis.
However, prolonged, moderate stress, without much of muscle activity(to generate glucose from the muscle) which is involved in physical damage, enormous energy demands and generation, that engages the 5-phosphate pathway, fat breakdown and autophagy, will not promote proliferation. This is because autophagy, via free radicals and low levels of nutrients, has been engaged. Pro-oxidation favors autophagy and repairs due to damage and low nutrient availability(limited resources--not enough for proliferation). The repair will favor differentiation growth, instead. Calorie restriction has a similar effect. Proliferation is checked.
Prolonged mental stress, unlike moderate physical stress, is less rejuvenating to damaged tissue due to too much cumulative free radical generation and subsequent low generation of energy resources from fat tissue(tissues are clogged and denatured enzymes favor fat laydown). This will disfavor autophagy and repairs and differentiation growth. Cellular proliferation will occur when mental stress is accompanied by increased food intake or the presence of growth factors, in which case abnormal growth--not from need and in the wrong places--is promoted. Too much food intake(another form of nutritional stress) and sedentary lifestyle(low free radical generation) are catastrophic for health. They prevent repair, force cellular proliferation and promote cancer.
The best way to get rid of mental stress is therefore through physical stress in exercise. In competitive sports, the mind may be overwhelmed with distress so much so that physical exercise may not be so salvaging, since the endoplasmic reticulum will have been overwhelmed and cells clogged.
Stress and free radicals therefore regulate growth by encouraging autophagy and cell differentiation, up to a point. Excessive amount of the free radicals will clog the cell, as the endoplasmic reticulum is stressed and protein misfolding sets in.
An overactive immune system will lead to clogged immune cells and inflammation, which can be salvaged by pro-oxidants and modest exercise that stimulate autophagy. Women have a stronger immune system because of the incomplete inactivation of the X-chromosome. They also will have the tendency to have clogged leucocytes with chronic immune activation.
Dr. Oliver Verbe Birnso, MD.
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