Two-In-One; Endoplasmic Reticulum and Oxidative Stress Sensor/Response Protein
Too much of unfolded proteins that overwhelms the Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-coping mechanisms, through over-activity of the Endoplasmic reticulum, or otherwise, will switch the cell from its anti-oxidation pathways over to the unfolded protein stress response(UPR), by putting a halt to protein translation, engaging the degradation of misfolded proteins and activation of the heat shock protein(hsp)--the chaperone--that folds unfolded proteins. When UPR is prolonged and overwhelmed, apoptosis takes place as ROS, in turn, overwhelm any anti-oxidation-induction. This is characteristic of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. In the trained athlete, the switch to slow-oxidative, fast, fatigue-resistant fibers, lowers ROS levels, which still remain at an anti-oxidation-inducing levels that at the same time promote UPR. This is an adaptation that prepares the muscles for eventual stress. In the oute...