Chronic, Intracellular Infection and Autophagy
C hronic infections(intr acellular through phagocytosis or macrophagy) prompt autophagy( self-eating) and ubiquitin/proteosome degradation due to stress or damage incurred. Autophagy maintains DNA stabilty. Chaperone-mediated autophagy recognizes, binds, unfolds then transports damaged components to lysosomes. Hsp 70(heat shock protein 70) carries out this function. In microphagy, invaginations and protrusions in lysosomes trap substrates--proteins, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lipid droplets. Hsp 70 action, here, in microphagy, does not require the unfolding of the substrate as opposed to its action in the chaperone-mediated autophagy. M itophagy is microphagy involving the mitochondria. We also have pexophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy and lipophagy. Macro(auto)phagy needs the double membrane autophagosomes. Xenophagy is a macrophagy and recognizes microbes and ubiquitinates them. Bacteria in damaged phagosomes/phagolysomes are ubiquitinated by recognition of carbohydrates i...