Sunday, February 7, 2010

Good Lifestyle ... But is it really?

It is evident that the rise in our standards of living has brought along with it some negative health outcomes to our lives.

Our nutrition has changed from predominantly fresh, raw whole meals to highly refined sugars, saturated fats and cholesterol. Our calorie intake has increased because of the means at our disposal and better farming and produce refining techniques. We have changed from walking daily to moving in cars, on planes and trains.

The result has been the plethora of diseases like hypertension, diabetes, high blood lipids which may remain silent in our systems, until one day we are struck with heart attack, stroke, hyperglycemic coma, kidney failure. The only window of opportunity for intervention may be a few seconds before we pass out for good. If emergency services are not close-by, we stand no chance of survival.

To prevent these silent killers we need to exercise regularly, eat wisely and make it a duty to visit our health care provider for routine check-ups to take our blood pressure and determine our blood sugar/ lipids. An early detection and intervention will arrest the killer before he ever strikes.

Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso

Saturday, June 13, 2009

Decompensation, limit to body's ability to maintain status quo

Homeostasis dictates that the body adjusts itself to ward off the destabilizing influences of stressors, through its ability to maintain a constancy in the state and function of its internal environment.

The driving forces that come to play may be neuronal, hormonal, that influence structural and functional changes. When the body functions sub-normally, it is bound to fail. A major stress mediator is histamine and it evokes compensation in the human system.

Since exhaustion usually ensues if the stressor is not removed in time, cellular plasticity and versatile functionality are limited and decompensation results. Breathing compensation may be manifested by the recruitment of intercostal and other respiratory muscles, hypotension can be compensated by redistribution of electrolytes and fluid within the body compartments, the cardiac muscle stretches and hypertrophies, the hepatic or the thyroid gland cells increase in number, post-nerve receptors may increase in number following denervation, white blood cells increase in number due to infection and red cell number increases at low atmospheric pressure. Apart from acute failure from an insult and sub-acute exhaustion failure of decompensation, structural changes may eventually lead to tissue damage and degenerative failure.

Good support of function, mechanical, nutritional or otherwise and good diagnosis to identify the insult and remove it, are ideal strategies utilized to prevent the embarrassment of decompensation in sub-acute medical emergencies while organ transplant may be the sole long term solution for degenerative damage. Knowing the signs of compensation is essential to the clinician who should be on the watch out and prepared to deal with decompensation, if and when it occurs.

Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso

Thursday, May 28, 2009

Health education that is right

It is generally believed that effective health education is a more desirable and cheaper way to attain good health status in an individual and the general population. But, practically, there exists no ideal singular model, to achieve this objective.

The human mindset is very resistant to change from old habits, cultivated over years, however detrimental to health they may be. There is a common expression in everyday parlance which goes: "Old habits die hard". Human psychologists believe that we are conditioned by the belief system of the society we live in and constantly pick up habits from especially our peers. A child may become a chain-smoker by initially imitating a friend who had picked up this same habit. We put on weight because of our craving for food to fill a void in our lives. It is widely believed that it is easier to switch from a bad habit to a good one by re-orientating one's value system and engaging in an activity which takes the time off the bad habit than to simply switch off a bad habit, without filling the void in human mind or existence. Human life with a void leads to boredom and depression. We need to have mind occupation and challenges in our lives but these should not ,however, overwhelm us and crash the mind, creating a sense of inadequacy in us or a void, which we seek to fill, in the first place.

Most health education programs have failed because the root causes of deviant or unhealthy human behaviors have not been properly addressed. Rather, the programs have focused on health information without providing education and support on behavior change. Group therapy and individualized counseling may be used, depending on the specific cases and the individual's mental disposition at the time. Since people differ in their outlook on life, a given health message has to given differently to different individuals for behavior change to be effected.

Motivation must precede behavior change. While some people are motivated by positive rewards in staying healthy, others are motivated by fear of a health catastrophe which will befall them if they do not stick to healthy habit. After such motivation, the mind becomes more open to information and the individual may be ready to change behavior. Motivation differs with different individuals, since we have our likes and dislikes, peculiar to our genetic make-up and social upbringing. Two people can achieve an identical health outcome, through different motivation strategies. It is the duty of the health educator to identify the likes of an individual and play on them, to achieve the desired health goal. Demographics are therefore an essential component of a good health education program as specific messages can then be delivered to specific target groups, with less effort.

Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso

Sunday, May 17, 2009

Turbulence in human fluid dynamics

In laminar flow, fluid is moving faster in the center and more slowly at the edges of the pipe. A critical speed is reached, since obstacles must be met along the way, as friction builds up, when dynamic pressure(flow) falls, just behind the obstacle and central fluid flow slows. There is less ordered movement and separation of fluid into particulates, caused by friction and these particulates bombard the walls of the pipe. The dynamic pressure just behind the obstacle falls, at the expense of the pressure at the edges, normally at low pressure in laminar flow; this due to redistribution from the center to the sides. Pressure on the walls of the pipe increases because of this redistribution and the separation of the fluid into particulates, which hit the walls with greater impact, creating strong vibrations. The overall flow slows down because of friction.

As sound, from the turbulent fluid streams hitting the walls and setting them to vibrate at the natural frequency, comes in phase with each other, the particulates' impacts reinforce, leading to resonance, akin to resonance obtained when a tuning fork is struck and it sets another fork into amplified air vibrations equal to its natural frequency or air is blown into a flute or over an open pipe and reflected wave at the anti-node at the other open end reinforces the incident wave as they come in phase as a stationary wave is set; or a closed tube when the backward wave at the open end of the tube resonates with vibrations of air in the pipe, set by air blown over the pipe that causes a forward wave, leading to the sound of the instrument.

The area just behind the obstacle may be at significantly low pressure, while the ones immediately next to it, towards the wall, are at a higher pressure and this will lead to the formation of small fluid currents called eddies(movement from high to low pressure). Due to fluid eddies, there is much slowing of flow downstream, and the overall speed falls even more.

So, increasing velocity(dynamic pressure) will eventually give rise to turbulence in non-viscous fluid, high wall pressure and will slow down the flow downstream. There is limit to what pumping pressure can do to increase flow of fluid, because of turbulence.

The heart pumps blood round the body and the force of contraction determines the dynamic pressure produced and the velocity of flow. Blood pressure, generated from contraction of the heart muscle fibers will create turbulence, evident when a major artery is obstructed as the arm is cuffed to take the B.P. with the stethoscope.

Physical conditions which lead to high blood pressure include the narrowing of the blood vessels( e.g in atherosclerosis and stress), which leads to blood build-up in the heart and stretching of the heart muscle. The heart responds by generating more contraction force as it recoils. The speed builds up further, and with it, turbulence and high arterial blood pressure. This severely limits perfusion, which pumping(dynamic) pressure seeks to achieve, in the first place, following the narrowing of blood vessels. The vicious cycle continues and the heart grows in size and will eventually fail. This is why high blood pressure must be controlled by dilating the blood vessels to increase flow and by reducing the heart pumping work (effort). Reducing the dynamic pressure by creating too open blood vessels will , however, severely limit the velocity of flow from the heart and should be guarded against. Turbulence is also detected when major arteries are blocked by an obstruction. Pulsation may be a visible or palpable sign. Increase in blood cells will also increase blood density, particulate impact and vibration and this will lead to turbulent flow and increased blood pressure.

When we rapidly inhale air into our lungs, during breathing, we create turbulent pressure resonance( flapping sound) on floppy structures, and bellowing resonance( musical note) from air passing in obstructed pipe structures, setting a stationary sound wave from reflection. Such obstruction is provided by the tongue, uvula, epiglottis, hair, water particles/mucus that line our airway or contraction that prevents the lungs from emptying, leading to sniffing sound, rhonchi and wheezing. Farting is air turbulence, with spreading turbulent air setting up stationary sound wave over obstructed anal opening. When we speak, we create air turbulence over the vocal cord with the wind pipe acting as an obstructed pipe full of air which vibrates at the natural frequency of the pipe size . Snoring is turbulence, produced over the epiglottis, uvula and other obstructions, which vibrate and resonate, giving the characteristic snoring sound. Since flow may be severely limited by reflection and eddies, this can lead to sleep apnea. When we whistle, we create turbulence, through the lips and set a stationary sound wave over them, with air at the opening vibrating maximally, at natural frequency of the column size(resonance). The series of turbulent obstructions, and releases by easing off on the pressure, produces the characteristic sound.

Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso

Monday, May 11, 2009

Efficiency of the human body as a machine

The human body may be very efficient in producing high-energy ATP from food, when there is adequate oxygen, in preventing wear and tear, from friction when bones, muscles and tendons slide over each other to effect motion or change the direction of force, through synovial fluid, which is a secretion from the bursa; but not so in the overall work output. This is because, once released, the unused energy from ATP is never recaptured in any other useful form for reuse but is rather dissipated(wasted) as heat.

A machine is a combination of rigid or resistant bodies, formed and connected so that they move with definite relative motion or transmit force from the source of power(effort) to the resistance to be overcome(load). This function requires strength and rigidity. A machine has two functions: transmitting definite relative motion and transmitting force. Simple machines include the wedge(double inclined plane), levers which include pulleys/belts on wheels or merged toothed wheels(gears) and the screw jack, which is an inclined plane(less effort is put in to move a load, the weight assisting).

The human body achieves both functions of a machine, through contraction of muscles, which are firmly attached to rigid bones, connected by wedged, hinge or ball-in-socket joints and effect or prevent movements about these joints. Movements about the joints include bending(flexing), stretching, rotation, or sideway movements about the mid line(abduction and adduction).

Because of the relative weak stability of the joints and weakness of the bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons and low mechanical advantage of our limbs due to the long distance of the load, they carry in the hand or foot, from the joint pivot, when compared with the point of application of the effort, from the contraction of say the biceps, nearer the joint; the human body is not a very good machine.

Due to low mechanical advantage, more effort is needed to do unaided manual work. In moving the parts of the body, no work is done in the strict sense of the word(work output=0) as potential energy gained by movement against gravity is lost as the body parts return to the resting position i.e net movement is zero(there is effort but no work). As we walk, air resistance is negligible, so no work is done i.e load is zero. However, work is done when we lift objects and keep them at that potential(against gravity) due to the effort from the contraction of our muscles fueled by ATP and the distance covered. As we relax, following the effort, there is passive return and reattachment of actin and myosin muscle filaments. The stronger the muscle tone, the more the efficiency of work, as more efficient filament interactions are made. This explains why a trained athlete will sweat less profusely than the uninitiated, after a brisk exercise. An untrained athlete easily suffers from exhaustion(ATP energy use-up) and fatigue (inability to produce effort as evidenced by increased extracellular potassium, exuded from the muscle). Developing muscle tone through exercise can significantly increase efficiency in human mechanics, through good canalization of ATP-produced energy, with little interference between the filaments that occurs in a slack muscle. Performance is also significantly enhanced by increase in filaments mass through cross-linkage/synchrony and greater muscle force, with little effort.

There are some ways the body is adapted to increase mechanical advantage: the knee cap moves upwards towards the hip, during stretching of the leg, facilitating the shortening of the hip quadriceps muscles(increasing force output, assisting effort) during lifting of a load with the leg.

Fortunately, many vital activities in the body depend on mere physical quantities: the air pressure in the lungs falls after expiration, letting in a gust of air from the high atmospheric pressure outside, thereby saving energy resources of respiratory muscles. These muscles mostly come in support when there are signs of respiratory distress. During the filling phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart muscle stretches and during emptying the muscle recoils as a spring. The potential spring energy being converted into kinetic energy is utilized to pump blood. This is the basis of Starling's law. Of course, ATP-mediated cardiac contraction is responsible for most of cardiac force.

Due to the low effort at rest, the human body is more efficient in its utilization and conservation of energy resources, hence the advocacy for a sound sleep, bed rest, good mental predisposition in the healing process. Regular exercise tones up the muscles, and renders our physical activities, breathing and heart function more efficient. We can prevent many diseases by training our muscles to function more efficiently.

Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso

Saturday, May 2, 2009

Why treatment may fail

Patients are usually filled with high expectations of a cure once their illness, for which there is an existing cure, is diagnosed. However, unfortunately, a cure may not always be achieved. There are various reasons why treatment may fail or patient expectations may not be met:

Acute attack may offer no time or means to the clinician to take appropriate measures to forestall impending havoc in a patient. This is because such a manifestation may have severely compromised the functioning of vital organs that some tissue survival is in effect impossible. For example, good functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems is necessary to keep any tissue alive.

Treatment may have been started too late when irreversible damage must have occurred in body organs. Most chronic infections and chronic lifestyle diseases such as atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis fall in this category. Organ transplant may be a solution. A major problem with chronic infections is that they usually build fibrous or granulomatous barriers that prevent access of drugs or immune cells to deal with infections in tissues.

Drugs may no longer be effective because the microbes have become insensitive to them. The widespread use of antibiotics for minor ailments and in low doses in humans or animals may promote the emergence of resistant strains of micro-organisms.

Some individuals will not benefit from treatment with some drugs simply because their genetic make-up makes them less sensitive to these drugs. Increasing drug dosage in these situations rather leads to toxicity in such patients.

The immune system may be so low that the body's defense system fails to assist the drugs to rid the body of germs. This is the case with AIDS, leukemia, malnutrition, the elderly, the very young, sleep deprivation, stress and concomitant use of cytotoxic drugs.

A good treatment protocol should recognize these issues and approach treatment from the logic of first ensuring survival in emergencies with resuscitation and life support to addressing the barrier problem of drug penetration in chronic pathologies by dismantling infection focus with possibly surgical intervention. Such surgical approach is not an end in itself but rather a means to an end, hence appropriate therapy should be instituted immediately to prevent recurrence. Drug sensitivity and patient susceptibility tests as well as immune health considerations are very important in the realization of a good patient response to treatment.

The sooner treatment is carried out the more likely it is going to work. Frequent visits to your doctor who will identify health problems in time will increase your chances of having a successful treatment and regaining your health. And of course, you must assume responsibility for your own health in complying with treatment and by living a healthy lifestyle. Preventive vaccination has both low therapeutic and financial costs.

Dr. Oliver Verbe Birnso

Friday, April 24, 2009

BiTherapca in partnership with Infolinks

In its quest to provide authentic and verifiable information, relating to your general well-being and health, Bitherapca Health has found a veritable partner in Infolinks. Infolinks connects this web blog to other sites that give complementary knowledge, display products or indicate services that should enable you lead happier, more active and healthier lives; information that would otherwise be inaccessible to you; the highly inquisitive and expectant readers of this blog.

BiTherapca Health blog was created following countless requests made by some of you when we met and interacted in various social fora. You expressed the need for documented information which you could turn to when faced with health concerns that I possibly cannot allay only in passing.

I subscribed to Infolinks on April 6, 2009, soon after I came up with this idea of blogging on health issues. I was introduced to Infolinks through a Google ad, placed on BiTherapca Health web blog. I, immediately, got in touch with Infolinks and hours later, I was served with a link to integrate Infolinks in-text into BiTherapca Health blog. I simply copied and pasted the link as a post, which I then published. Immediately color text showed up. It was that simple! I had never worked with in-text before. The results were immediate and amazing. I couldn't be happier, and many of you too, judging by the feedback you gave me. Infolinks in-text gives BiTherapca Health blog radiant look and better image. The green text blends so well with the white background and the green border. By simply clicking on Infolinks colored text you easily navigate to other sites, where you can access further knowledge, obtain appropriate product or be connected to relevant service, associated with the issue in the text. And more, none of the blog space is used up!

I am very happy with the results of the partnership that Bitherapca Health has forged and continues to nurture with infolinks, to serve you better. As a veritable partner, Infolinks does not relent to serve, as it connects you to relevant websites through the power of its search engine. Infolinks promotes BiTherapca Health by rewarding BiTherapca Health for enabling you to use its unique in-text software to access relevant information and buy products that you need. I am highly encouraged, by my share of earnings made from the service and product sales, as I bring this information service to you.

Dr Oliver Verbe Birnso